Hello,
This is a page where I am adding links to the most important articles on this
website (also see links at top of every page). For a quick summary you can
mouse over images and links for alt. text. Hope you find it interesting,
we also think it is very important as it provides a very simple, sensible
and obvious description of physical reality.
Sincerely,
Geoff Haselhurst, Email
(Bradley,
1846-1924) We may agree, perhaps, to understand by Metaphysics an attempt to
know reality as against mere appearance, or the study of first principles or
ultimate truths, or again the effort to comprehend the universe, not simply
piecemeal or by fragments, but somehow as a whole.
Drop a ball. Notice that you do not see any obvious connection between the
ball and the earth - yet they are obviously connected because we see the effect
of this connection, the ball moves (accelerates) towards the earth. The same
argument applies to the Earth orbiting the sun, an electron in an atom, how
we can see stars across the universe.
We give these connections names, e.g. light and gravity, but no one knew what
these hidden causal connections were.
So you see the problem of metaphysics is simple and profound - to solve it
requires true
knowledge of physical reality, such that we could understand this hidden
causal connection that our senses tell us must exist, yet we do not see?
This is known to philosophers as Hume's
Problem of Causation and Necessary Connection, but really it is common
knowledge that dates back to the ancients - the Problem
of the One and the Many.
It
must certainly be allowed, that nature has kept us at a great distance from
all her secrets, and has afforded us only the knowledge of a few superficial
qualities of objects; while she conceals from us those powers and principles
on which the influence of those objects entirely depends. (Hume,
1737)
When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connexion; any quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and renders the one an infallible consequence of the other. (Hume, 1737)
The
first philosophy (Metaphysics) is universal and is exclusively concerned
with primary substance. ... And here we will have the science to
study that which is just as that which is, both in its essence and in the
properties which, just as a thing that is, it has.
The entire preoccupation of the physicist is with things that contain within
themselves a principle of movement and rest. And to seek for this is to seek
for the second kind of principle, that from which comes the beginning of the
change.
(Aristotle, Metaphysics, 340BC)
A careful analysis of the process of observation in atomic physics has shown that the subatomic particles have no meaning as isolated entities, but can only be understood as interconnections between the preparation of an experiment and the subsequent measurement. Quantum theory thus reveals a basic oneness of the universe. It shows that we cannot decompose the world into independently existing smallest units. As we penetrate into matter, nature does not show us any isolated ‘basic building blocks’, but rather appears as a complicated web of relations between the various parts of the whole. (Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics, On Quantum Theory)
What we observe as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and variations in the structure of space. Particles are just schaumkommen (appearances). The world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one. The barrier between them cannot be said to have broken down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist. (Erwin Schrodinger, on Quantum Theory)
Because Schrodinger believed in real waves, he was never happy with Max Born's statistical / probability interpretation of the waves that became commonly accepted (and was actively promoted by Heisenberg and Bohr) in Quantum Theory / Mechanics.
Let me say at the outset, that in this discourse, I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics / quantum theory held today (1950s), I am opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basic views that have been shaped 25 years ago, when Max Born put forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost everybody. (Schrödinger E, The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, CN, 1995)
I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it. (Erwin Schrodinger talking about quantum theory.)
The notion that all these fragments is separately existent is
evidently an illusion, and this illusion cannot do other than lead to endless
conflict and confusion. Indeed, the attempt to live according to the notion
that the fragments are really separate is, in essence, what has led to the
growing series of extremely urgent crises that is confronting us today. Thus,
as is now well known, this way of life has brought about pollution, destruction
of the balance of nature, over-population, world-wide economic and political
disorder and the creation of an overall environment that is neither physically
nor mentally healthy for most of the people who live in it. Individually there
has developed a widespread feeling of helplessness and despair, in the face
of what seems to be an overwhelming mass of disparate social forces, going
beyond the control and even the comprehension of the human beings who are caught
up in it.
(David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order, 1980)
When
forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence:
Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter.
(Albert Einstein)
Physical
objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended (as
fields). In this way the concept 'empty space' loses
its meaning. ... The field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical
description, irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles)
in the theory of Newton. ... The physical reality of space is represented
by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent
variables - the co-ordinates of space and time. Since the theory of general
relatively implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous
field, the concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental
part, nor can the concept of motion. The particle can only appear as a limited
region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly
high. (Albert Einstein, Metaphysics of Relativity, 1950)
Physics
constitutes a logical system of thought which is in a state of evolution, whose
basis (principles) cannot be distilled, as it were, from experience by an inductive
method, but can only be arrived at by free invention. The justification (truth
content) of the system rests in the verification of the derived propositions
(a priori/logical truths) by sense experiences (a posteriori/empirical
truths). ... Evolution is proceeding in the direction of increasing simplicity
of the logical basis (principles). .. We must always be ready to change these
notions - that is to say, the axiomatic basis of physics - in order to do justice
to perceived facts in the most perfect way logically. (Albert Einstein,
Physics and Reality, 1936)
The supreme task of the physicist is to arrive at those universal elementary laws from which the cosmos can be built up by pure deduction. There is no logical path to these laws; only intuition, resting on sympathetic understanding of experience, can reach them. (Albert Einstein, 1918)
.. My purpose therefore is, to try if I can discover what those principles are, which have introduced all that doubtfulness and uncertainty, those absurdities and contradictions into the several sects of philosophy; insomuch that the wisest men have thought our ignorance incurable, conceiving it to arise from the natural dullness and limitation of our faculties. (George Berkeley)
Since philosophy is the art which teaches us how to live, and since children need to learn it as much as we do at other ages, why do we not instruct them in it? ... Oddly, things have now reached such a state that even among men of intelligence philosophy means something fantastical and vain, without value or usefulness, both in opinion and practice. (Michel de Montaigne)
Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than
does knowledge: it is those who know little,
not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem
will never be solved by science.
(Charles Darwin, Introduction to The Descent of Man, 1871)
A
human being is part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time
and space. We experience ourselves, our thoughts and feelings as something
separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion
is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection
for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from the
prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures
and the whole of nature in its beauty. The true value of a human being is determined
by the measure and the sense in which they have obtained liberation from the
self. We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if humanity is
to survive. (Albert Einstein, 1954)