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The characteristic feature of Buddhism is the doctrine of Karma, which is a subtle substitute for the conception of personal continuity. According to this view it is not the concrete individuality of the soul that survives, and migrates into a new life, but only the karma, or action, i.e., the sum of the man's deeds, his merits, the ethical resultant of his previous life, its total value, stripped of its former individuation, which is regarded as accidental. As the karma is greater or less, so will the next transmigration be a promotion or a degradation. At times the degradation may be so extreme that karma is embodied in an inanimate form, as in the case of Gautama's disciple who, for negligence in his master's service, was reduced after death to the form of a broomstick. (Catholic Encyclopedia: Buddhism, 1911)
A special form of this belief is the doctrine of Karma - the persisting existence and transmission through re-incarnations of the sum of the past deeds and merits of the individual. (Catholic Encyclopedia: Immortality, 1911)
The Pali word kamma or the Sanskrit word karma
(from the root kr to do) literally means ‘action’, ‘doing’.
But in the Buddhist theory of karma it has a specific meaning: it means only
‘volitional action’ not all action. Nor does it mean the result
of karma as many people wrongly and loosely use it. In Buddhist terminology
karma never means its effect; its effect is known as the ‘fruit’
or the ‘result’ of karma.
Volition may relatively be good or bad, just as desire may relatively be good
or bad. So karma may be good or bad relatively. Good karma produces good effects
and bad karma bad effects. ‘Thirst’, volition, karma, whether good
or bad, has one force as its effect: force to continue- to continue in a good
or bad direction. Whether good or bad it is relative, and is within the cycle
of continuity (samsara). An Arahant, though he acts, does not accumulate karma,
because he is free from the false idea of self, free from the ‘thirst’
for continuity and becoming, free from all other defilements and impurities.
For him there is no rebirth.
The theory of karma should not be confused with so-called ‘moral
justice’ or ‘reward and punishment’. The idea of moral justice,
or reward and punishment, arises out of the conception of a supreme being, a
God, who sits in judgement, who is a law-giver and who decides what is right
and wrong. The term ‘justice’ is ambiguous and dangerous, and in
its name more harm than good is done to humanity.
The theory of karma is the theory of cause and effect,
of action and reaction; it is a natural law, which has nothing to do with the
idea of justice or reward and punishment. Every volitional action produces its
effects or results. If a good action produces good effects, it is not justice,
or reward, meted out by anybody or any power sitting in judgement of your action,
but this is in virtue of its own nature, its own law.
This is not difficult to understand. But what is difficult is that, according
to karma theory, the effects of a volitional action may continue to manifest
themselves even in a life after death. (Walpola Rahula,
What the Buddha Taught)
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Related Links: Karma / Kama SutraEastern
Philosophy: Kama Sutra - 'Praised
be the three aims of life, virtue (dharma), prosperity (artha), and love (kama),
which are the subject of this work.' Kama Sutra
(Kama Shastra). Discussion and Quotes / Quotations, Pictures, Positions from
Famous Indian Sexual Philosophy of the Kama Sutra.
Contents: Karma
Sutra - Karma
Sutra Pictures - Karma
Sutra Positions - Karma
Sutra: Women - Karma
Sutra: Partners - Karma
Sutra: Marriage - Karma
Sutra: Love Potions - Karma
Sutra: Sex Aids - Karma
Sutra: Homosexuality - Karma
Sutra: Embrace - Karma
Sutra: Kissing - Karma
Sutra: Scratching - Karma
Sutra: Biting - Karma
Sutra: Sighs and Blows - Karma
Sutra: Foreplay - Karma
Sutra: Role Reversal - Karma
Sutra: Fellatio
Kama Sutra Pages (different spelling): Kamasutra
- Kamasutra
Pictures - Kamasutra
Positions - Kama
- Karma
- Sutra
- Karmasutra
Index / Home Page
- Summary and Links to articles on the Metaphysics
of Space and Motion and the Wave
Structure of Matter (WSM). What is the most Simple
Science Theory of Reality? Describing Reality from One
Thing, Space
(with properties of a nearly rigid continuous wave medium) rather than Many
Things (Matter). i. e. From Matter as discrete Particles
generating continuous Spherical Fields in Space-Time
to Matter as Spherical Standing Waves in Space (see diagram below).
Subjects include Truth,
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Art, Sexuality,
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and Utopia.
Includes Pictures
and numerous Quotes
from many fine philosophers / physicists, including Plato,
Aristotle,
Rene
Descartes, Gottfried
Leibniz, Sir
Isaac Newton, Christiaan
Huygens, Spinoza,
George
Berkeley, David
Hume, Immanuel
Kant, Friedrich
Nietzsche, Nikola
Tesla, Max
Planck, Gandhi,
Albert Einstein,
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Broglie, Erwin
Schrodinger, Ludwig
Wittgenstein, Richard
Feynman and Milo
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(George Berkeley, 1710) Nothing seems of more importance, towards
erecting a firm system of sound and real knowledge, which may be proof against
the assaults of scepticism, than to lay the beginning in a distinct explication
of what is meant by thing, reality, existence: for in vain shall we dispute
concerning the real existence of things, or pretend to any knowledge thereof,
so long as we have not fixed the meaning of those words.
