# Wave Structure Matter

Wave Structure Matter

The Wave Structure Matter (WSM) model is an emerging theory in the category of metaphysics. It was proposed 150 years ago by mathematician William Kingdon Clifford and later by Erwin Schrodinger. They proposed the view that what we observe as large-scale matter (discrete and particle-like), is only the 'appearance' (schaumkommen) of wave structures in space. Since 1985, Milo Wolff and others have found a mathematical basis of Wave Structures. The theory is based upon a wave medium in all space of the universe that has the dimension of energy/volume. Though the theory is gaining popularity, it still remains largely in the domain of Fringe science possibly because the popularity is more among non-scientists than among scientists.(In what follows, the claims of the theory are given in an assertive form, without the words 'According to WSM' preceding them. These are not to be confused with currently established scientific claims.)

## Introduction

Two principles describe the properties of the space medium, and are the origin of all matter and the natural laws: matter determines the properties of space, and reciprocally, space determines the properties of matter. This mechanism occurs because the Wave Structure of Matter agrees with Einstein's theory of General Relativity, there are no discrete separate particles, matter is a structure of space, and thus affects the properties of space. Einstein writes:

'Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended (as fields). In this way the concept 'empty space' becomes replaced by the notion of undifferentiated energy - or 'no-thing'.The field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical description, irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles) in the theory of Newton. ' The physical reality of space is represented by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent variables, the co-ordinates of space and time. Since the theory of general relativity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion. The particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. (Albert Einstein, Relativity, 1950)

## Concept

The particle of the WSM is a spherical standing wave with an intensity, decreasing with distance from the wave center. This wave has the character of a quantum wave. The particle is regarded as the entire wave structure but its location is the quantum wave-center when observed. This fundamental structure, with presence throughout the universe, is an electron or a positron (which have opposite phase waves).

The two important basic principles of the WSM are:

1. Space exists as a wave medium for the propagation of quantum waves described by a scalar wave equation.
2. The total mass-energy density of all waves from all matter (in our finite spherical universe) creates the mass-energy density and properties of the wave medium (space).

• This medium forms a scalar field that are the two only possible 3D solutions of a wave equation. This is contrary to the vector field used by most physicists. The only two solutions are spherical inward and outward waves.
• The basic electron or positron is a pair of inward and outward spherical waves that form a spherical standing wave in space. The positron has opposite phase waves to the electron, thus explaining matter/anti-matter annihilation due to destructive interference of the waves.
• The electromagnetic vector fields of practical engineering are large scale appearances of many discrete energy exchanges of the scalar quantum waves, i.e. standing waves only exist and interact at discrete frequencies, which is the foundation for the Schrodinger equation of Quantum Mechanics (QM).
• The inward and outward waves are solutions of the wave equation:
${ \partial^2 u(r,t) \over \partial t^2 } - c^2 \nabla^2u(r,t) = f(r,t)$

Instead of interpreting a wave function as a probability distribution of discrete particles as in QM, the 'particle' is represented by the entire wave function and we locate it experimentally at the wave-center where energy-exchange takes place. Thus discrete 'particles', or charge substances, or mass substances do not exist.

## Properties

• Total wave amplitudes always follow a minimum amplitude principle (MAP) at each point in space. Thus opposite charges attract, and like charges repel. Other examples are when water seeks a common level or when heat moves from hot to cold regions.
• Atoms and molecules are compositions and interactions of these standing waves, thus matter only exists at discrete frequencies and energy states.
• The 1) fundamental forces, and 2) the QM and relativity laws, are properties of WSM, i.e. 1) the motion of the wave-centers that obey the MAP and 2) Doppler rules that lead to the well-known QM and relativity mathematics.

## History

(Summarized by Nicholas Cooper)

The idea, conceived over 150 years ago by William Kingdon Clifford who has become the father of the algebra of geometry ,was stated by him:

'I hold that:

1. Small portions of space are in fact analogous to little hills on a surface which is on the average flat, namely that the ordinary laws of geometry are not valid in them.
2. This property of being curved or distorted is continually being passed on from one portion of space to another after the manner of a wave.
3. This variation of the curvature of space is what really happens in that phenomenon which we call the motion of matter, whether ponderable or ethereal.
4. In this physical world, nothing else takes place but this variation subject to the law of continuity.'

(This statement also became the basis of the curvature of space that was mathematically constructed by Albert Einstein.)

In the classic view of quantum mechanics, electrons are regarded as discrete particles that can only be located within a statistically determined volume. This view uses one of two possible interpretations of the Schrodinger Equation: that (1) discrete particles do exist and waves are only 'probabilities'. Schrodinger himself took the opposite view (2) that only waves exist, whereas particles do not. His view has led to the Wave Structure of Matter.

'What we observe as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and variations in the structure of space. Particles are just schaumkommen (appearances). ... The world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one. The barrier between them cannot be said to have broken down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist. ... Let me say at the outset, that in this discourse, I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics held today (1950s), I am opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basic views that have been shaped 25 years ago, when Max Born put forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost everybody. ... I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it.' (Erwin Schrodinger, Life and Thought, Cambridge U. Press, 1989).

In 1945, John Archibald Wheeler and Richard Feynman attempted to find the energy transfer mechanism of the electron - typically light. They found a 'response of the Universe' to electron outward charge waves that simulated spherical in-ward waves. However, they worked with spherical vector electromagnetic waves and retained the concept of the 'particle' which generated these waves that acted on other 'particles'. Their use of continuous vector electromagnetic waves causes problems of an infinite field strength (as radius of field tends to zero) and renormalisation. As Paul Dirac and Richard Feynman wrote;

'I must say that I am very dissatisfied with the situation, because this so called good theory does involve neglecting infinities which appear in its equations, neglecting them in an arbitrary way. This is just not sensible mathematics. Sensible mathematics involves neglecting a quantity when it turns out to be small - not neglecting it just because it is infinitely great and you do not want it!' (Paul Dirac)

'But no matter how clever the word, it is what I call a dippy process! Having to resort to such hocus pocus has prevented us from proving that the theory of quantum electrodynamics is mathematically self consistent. ... I suspect that renormalisation is not mathematically legitimate.' (Richard Feynman, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, 1985)

Albert Einstein was also aware of this problem as he explains in his critique of Lorentz's electromagnetic field theory for electrons (as it is still the same fundamental problem of the particle / electromagnetic field duality).

'The inadequacy of this point of view manifested itself in the necessity of assuming finite dimensions for the particles in order to prevent the electromagnetic field existing at their surfaces from becoming infinitely large.' (Albert Einstein, 1936)

During this same time, Albert Einstein was working on a generalized theory of gravitation to unite the fundamental forces of nature. In his theory, he represented the electron as continuous spherical fields in space-time. His death in 1955 left his attempts at a unified field theory of matter unsolved. As Einstein writes;

'All these fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no nearer to the answer to the question, 'What are light quanta?' Nowadays every Tom, Dick and Harry thinks he knows it, but he is mistaken. ... I consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i.e., on continuous structures. In that case, nothing remains of my entire castle in the air, gravitation theory included, [and of] the rest of modern physics.' (Albert Einstein, Letter to Michael Besso, 1954)

'Einstein thinks he has a continuous field theory that avoids 'spooky action at a distance', but the calculation difficulties are very great. He is quite convinced that some day a theory that does not depend on probabilities will be found.' (Max Born, p158 Mar 1947)

The Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) simplifies Einstein's foundations, from his continuous spherical fields in space-time, to spherical waves in continuous space. By rejecting both continuous fields and particles, and instead working with standing wave structures, the WSM explains the discrete energy states of light and matter found in Quantum Theory (which Einstein's Relativity could never explain) without introducing the disturbing particle / wave duality of light and matter. As Einstein writes;

'The great stumbling block for the field theory lies in the conception of the atomic structure of matter and energy. For the theory is fundamentally non-atomic in so far as it operates exclusively with continuous functions of space, in contrast to classical mechanics whose most important element, the material point, in itself does justice to the atomic structure of matter.' (Albert Einstein, 1954)

'The special and general theories of relativity, which, though based entirely on ideas connected with the field-theory, have so far been unable to avoid the independent introduction of material points, ' the continuous field thus appeared side by side with the material point as the representative of physical reality. This dualism remains even today disturbing as it must be to every orderly mind.' (Albert Einstein, 1954)

'The Maxwell equations in their original form do not, however, allow such a description of particles, because their corresponding solutions contain a singularity. Theoretical physicists have tried for a long time (1936), therefore, to reach the goal by a modification of Maxwell's equations. These attempts have, however, not been crowned with success. What appears certain to me, however, is that, in the foundations of any consistent field theory the particle concept must not appear in addition to the field concept. The whole theory must by based solely on partial differential equations and their singularity-free solutions.' (Albert Einstein, 1954)

• History of the Wave Structure of Matter

## References:

1.William Clifford, 1885, The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences, Ed. Karl Pearson, preface by Bertrand Russell, Dover, NY (1955).

2. E. Schrodinger. In Schrodinger - Life and Thought, Cambridge U. Press, p327 (1989).

4. E. Mach, (1883 German). English: The Science of Mechanics, Open Court (1960).

5. M. Wolff, 'Exploring the Physics of the Unknown Universe', Technotran Press, (1990).

6. M. Wolff, 'Gravitation and Cosmology' in From the Hubble Radius to the Planck Scale, R. L. Amoroso et al (Eds.), pp 517-524, Kluwer Acad. Publ. (2002).

7. W. Clifford, (1876) 'On the Space Theory of Matter' in The World of Mathematics, p568, Simon and Schuster, NY (1956).

8. J. A. Wheeler, and R. Feynman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 157 (1945).

9. H. Tetrode, Zeits. F. Physik 10, 312 ((1922).

10. A. Einstein, Relativity, Crown Books (1950).

11. M. Wolff, Physics Essays 6, No 2, 181-203 (1993).

12. G. Haselhurst, (to be published in) What is the Electron, Apeiron Press (2005). Also: http:www.SpaceandMotion.com

13. C. Mead, 'Collective Electrodynamics', MIT Press (2000).

14. E. Batty-Pratt and T. Racey, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 19, 437 (1980).