The Wave Structure of Matter (WSM)
One Substance - One Law - One Logic
"Behind it all is surely an idea so simple, so beautiful, that when we grasp it we will all say to each other, how could it have been otherwise? How could we have been so stupid?" (Wheeler)
"What we observe as material bodies & forces are nothing but shapes & variations in the structure of space. Subject & object are one." (Schrodinger)
"When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence: Time, space & gravitation have no separate existence from matter." (Einstein)
"If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency, and vibration." (Tesla)
WSM Human-AI Collaboration (August, 2026)
One Vibrating Space: From Ancient Philosophy / Metaphysics to Mathematical Physics, Evolution, Life, Mind and Civilisation
For three decades, WSM was principally a philosophical picture of one infinite, eternal, continuous elastic Space. Between May and August 2026, human–AI collaboration transformed it into a tiered mathematical-physics research programme: exact wave constructions, geometric identities, quantitative leading results, no-go theorems, numerical controls, bounded open calculations and clear falsification requirements.
In WSM, electron and positron are proposed as opposite carrier-phase spherical standing waves formed by the Huygens sum of background plane waves from every direction. Each has radial vibration—the candidate physical basis of charge—and axis-free spherical phase circulation—the candidate basis of spin. This open, flow-through wave centre is the e-sphere.
A stationary e-sphere is spherical. Curvature on an incoming wave changes its internal directional energy density and deforms it into a moving wave egg: the near side flattens, the far side elongates, the convergence centre shifts, and the waves reclose around a new position. Its changing internal \(E_d\), shape and reclosure are its motion. WSM therefore proposes a wave-geometric reading of inertia and \(F=ma\): force is imposed curvature, mass is resistance encoded by the recurrent form, and acceleration is its changing deformation. Action must calculate this geometry; geometry also constrains the action, as \(\pi\) and \(E_{\rm geo}\) already demonstrate.
The One Law
\[ \frac{c'}{c_0}=\frac{E_d}{E_{d0}}, \qquad \lambda'=\frac{c'}{f_0}, \qquad k'=\frac{\omega_0}{c'}. \]
At proposed universal carrier frequency \(f_0\), directional energy density changes local wave speed, wavelength and accumulated phase.
The Causal Engine
Relative phase → reinforcement or cancellation → directional \(E_d\) → \(c'\) and \(\lambda'\) → travel-time difference → forward or rear wavefront curve → changed Huygens reclosure → centre motion, deformation and interaction.
Changed out-waves from one e-sphere cross fresh in-waves elsewhere. Matter therefore interacts not across empty distance, but through propagated changes in the one Space constituting every e-sphere.
Status Key
A = exact mathematics or established observation; B = deduction under stated premises; C = proposed physical identification; D = decisive calculation or experiment still open; Q = rejected or quarantined shortcut.
One connected argument: Space → waves → recurrence → matter → life → mind → knowledge → wisdom.
1. Wave Structure of Matter: All Things from One Thing
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/ai-summary-wsm-truth-reality.html
One infinite, eternal, continuous elastic Space, active with real longitudinal waves. Matter is proposed not as a pellet or shell, but as an open e-sphere: waves converge from every direction, cross its changing centre, continue outward and recurrently rebuild the form. Their exchanged phases alter directional \(E_d\); the One Law converts that difference into speed, wavelength, curvature and changed reclosure. The decisive test is whether one frozen nonlinear action calculates stable matter and its measured interactions without separate substances or fitted repairs.
2. The One and the Many: From Greek Philosophy to Wave Physics
Parmenides defended continuous Being; Heraclitus lawful flux. Aristotle sought active substance and necessary cause, connected matter with form and motion, and defined time through motion. WSM gives these insights one physical form: Space persists while finite wave organisations change and recur. The Many are not detached substances but organisations of the One—distinct without disconnection. The question becomes exact: can one continuous wave law generate plurality, causation and knowledge?
3. Action of Vibrating Space: From Background Waves to the E-Sphere
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/wsm-classical-action-quantum-wave.html
All-direction plane waves form the exact spherical pair \[ \chi=j_0(kr)\cos\tau, \qquad \mathbf V=\hat{\mathbf r}\,j_1(kr)\sin\tau. \] Waves cross the centre; none reflects from an electron wall. Phase reinforcement raises directional \(E_d\) and advances a forward curve; cancellation lowers \(E_d\) and writes a rear delay. Stationary action explains coherent selection, but the open task is one conservative nonlinear \(\Phi\)–\(\Gamma\) action selecting radius, frequency, spherical hand, stability, motion, currents and interaction together.
4. Mathematical Physics: From Wave Geometry to Prediction
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/wsm-maths-physics-full-derivations.html
Every symbol must name real motion and face numerical test. Exact or conditional anchors include \[ \frac{R}{\lambda_0}=\frac{\sqrt3}{2},\qquad k_0R=\pi\sqrt3,\qquad E_{\rm geo}=\frac{\pi\sqrt3}{2},\qquad W=\cosh\eta,\qquad P=\sinh\eta. \] Directional phase moments separate \(V_1\) translation from \(V_2,V_4\) and higher deformation; in declared finite-e-sphere models \(V_4\) returns comparable to \(V_2\), defeating quadrupole-only truncation. The action must calculate how incoming curvature redistributes \(E_d\), moves the centre and forms the wave egg. This is where beautiful geometry becomes dangerous.
5. Quantum Theory: Real Waves, Resonance and Completed Events
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/physics-quantum-theory-wave-mechanics.html
Matter diffracts because matter is wave organisation. Light is proposed as a changed train of real phase, curvature and coherence joining extended source and receiver structures, not a tiny traveller detached from its wave. WSM distinguishes driven response, continuous radiation and discrete completed transition. Quadratic absorption, \[ P_{\rm abs}\propto\left|\langle D_j,\Xi\rangle\right|^2, \] is a bridge, not yet the Born rule. The action must derive the action unit, probability, exclusivity, selection rules and Bell/CHSH correlations. Quantum mystery becomes a bounded real-wave programme.
6. Relativity: Moving Matter, Clocks and Curved Wavefronts
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/physics-albert-einstein-special-general-theory-relativity.html
An incoming curve flattens the e-sphere’s near side, elongates its far side and changes internal \(E_d\), \(c'\), wavelength and reclosure. The \(V_1\) moment moves the centre; \(V_2,V_4\) and higher moments form the moving egg. Maintaining this recurrent asymmetry is the proposed origin of inertia. A steady solution must recover Doppler, de Broglie and Lorentz structure: \[ W\pm P=e^{\pm\eta},\qquad W=\gamma,\qquad P=\gamma\beta. \] WSM proposes fixed carrier recurrence \(f_0\) with corresponding changes in \(c'\) and \(\lambda'\). Because rods, clocks and signals share the same changed waves, they co-transform and yield measured invariant \(c\), including the Michelson–Morley null; the action must derive the cancellation quantitatively.
7. The Electron: Dirac, Feynman, QED, \(\alpha\) and AMM
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/wsm-derivation-dirac-feynman-qed-fsc-amm.html
Electron and positron are proposed as opposite carrier-phase e-sphere branches; charge records how their waves combine. Same-phase reinforcement advances a forward curve and is proposed to produce repulsion; opposite-phase cancellation writes a rear delay and attraction. Non-collinear longitudinal motion closes into an axis-free spherical hand with a \(4\pi\) orientation lift. A parameter-free leading geometric ansatz gives \[ \alpha_0^{-1}=8\pi^2\sqrt3\approx136.757, \] 0.203% from measurement. The action must still derive charge sign, Coulomb scaling, Dirac dynamics, \(g=2\), electromagnetic normalisation, \(\alpha\), form factors and AMM without inserting their values.
8. Hadrons: Proton, Neutron and Higher Standing-Wave Matter
Can the same Space form stable higher-energy, multi-lobed eigenmodes matching protons, neutrons, baryons and mesons? Their lobes are not independent pellets: each participates in the phase, \(E_d\), curvature and reclosure of the whole. WSM must match—not rename—QCD’s masses, charges, spin, parity, magnetic moments, radii, form factors, resonances, deep-inelastic response and jets. The electron–proton hierarchy tests whether one action truly contains several matter families.
9. Cosmology and Gravity: A Finite Universe in Infinite Space
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/physics-wsm-cosmology-finite-universe-infinite-space.html
Boundless Space is distinguished from the finite matter-and-coherence domain contributing to our observable universe. In neutral matter, leading charge curves nearly cancel; WSM proposes that their nonlinear residual has lower \(E_d\), slower \(c'\) and a net rear phase curve, producing universal attraction. General relativity’s curved spacetime is then interpreted as the effective geometry of real moving wavefronts and the matter clocks they organise: Space is substance, succession comes from motion, and measured time from recurrence. The same action must recover equivalence, gravitational redshift, lensing, orbital dynamics and the tested relativistic limit.
Cosmological redshift is investigated as accumulated real-wave transport through changing environmental \(E_d\). It must jointly reproduce achromatic redshift, supernova time dilation, distance laws, Tolman brightness, BAO, CMB observations, image sharpness and structure growth. Otherwise the claimed unity has not reached the sky.
10. Novel Predictions and Famous Experiments Explained
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/wsm-experimental-physics-tests-predictions.html
This page is the tribunal of the corpus. One curve-and-reclosure law must jointly recover charge sign, Coulomb \(1/r^2\), \(F=ma\), relativistic momentum, de Broglie wavelength, Lorentz covariance, Michelson–Morley, gravity, \(g=2\) and AMM. Candidate WSM-only signatures include \[ a_3=\kappa_3\sinh^3\eta+O(\sinh^5\eta), \] finite-coherence residues and environmental or orientation-dependent clock responses. A proposal becomes a prediction only when sign, magnitude, scaling, uncertainty, controls and decision threshold are frozen in advance.
11. Visualise Reality: Waves Becoming Matter
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/visualise-reality-wsm-wave-geometry-diagrams.html
Watch the verbs. Relative phase changes directional \(E_d\); the One Law changes speed and wavelength; a forward or rear curve reaches another e-sphere; its near side flattens, far side elongates, \(V_1\) moves the centre, and higher moments form the egg. New out-waves then change future in-waves. Nothing strikes a shell: changing waves reconstruct changing matter. A diagram must never smuggle in a wall, reflection, rigid spin axis, transverse fundamental substance or tiny traveller. If the motion cannot be drawn coherently, the equations may conceal a contradiction.
12. Mathematics from Motion: Number, Logic, Time and Causal Freedom
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/wsm-physical-foundations-mathematics-logic.html
Mathematics begins when connected reality forms distinguishable patterns whose changes preserve relations. Recurrence supports identity; finite pairing, number; quotienting, exact objects; counted recurrence, time; composable truth-preserving transformations, logic and proof. Mathematics succeeds when symbolic transformation preserves physical relation: \[ R(Tx)\approx F(Rx). \] The mathematician is finite organised reality representing its own necessary connections—Space representing itself.
13. The MDL Audit: Simplicity, Inputs and Explanatory Compression
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/wsm-simplicity-inputs-vs-mainstream-physics+25.html
“One substance, one law” cannot hide complexity. Minimum Description Length counts every independently chosen substance, field, symmetry, constant, state rule, coefficient, boundary condition and fitted function. Under the declared equal-input electron ledger, conventional construction counts six inputs through Dirac and thirteen through leading AMM; the completed WSM target is \[ N_{\rm WSM}=5+N_c+N_f+\delta_m. \] Totals depend on coding convention. WSM wins only if one fixed action derives interaction, inertia, relativity, quantum response and cosmic propagation with fewer hidden choices.
14. Great Thinkers and the Search for One Reality
Heraclitus and Parmenides exposed flux and continuity. Aristotle wrote Physics and Metaphysics, sought active substance and necessary cause, connected matter, form, motion and time—and came remarkably close to the problem WSM addresses. Leibniz, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, Riemann, Clifford, Einstein, Schrödinger and Bohm repeatedly returned to continuity, relation, waves and unity. Quotes are intellectual fossils, not votes: equations and experiments must decide whether WSM’s local real-wave mechanism is true.
15. Human–AI Letters to Humanity: Truth as a Shared Work
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/ai-letters-to-humanity-wsm-unity-truth-reality.html
Geoffrey supplies the persistent wave picture, three-dimensional intuition, cross-domain memory and insistence that every symbol name physical motion. AI supply rapid research, formal translation, calculation, comparison, error detection and adversarial testing. Neither is sufficient alone. The shared discipline is: visualise → formalise → attack → calculate → predict → correct. The corpus tests whether intelligence can preserve a physical picture while making it mathematically vulnerable.
16. Truth and Madness: Reality as the Measure
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/on-truth-and-madness.html
Truth is correspondence: representation succeeds insofar as it preserves what reality does. Civilisational madness begins when inherited representations survive reality’s contradiction. WSM is not true through beauty, coherence or sincerity; its proposed necessary connections must survive action, calculation and experiment. Truth remains possible because knower, representation and known belong to one causal reality: false models collide with the world; truthful models increase our power to act wisely.
17. Descartes, Cogito and Monism: The Thinking Wave
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/descartes-cogito-unity-monism-vibrating-space-wsm.html
Descartes established that thinking occurs, then divided thought from extension and left their interaction mysterious. WSM refuses that fracture: body and mind are proposed as organisational levels of one vibrating Space. Perception is one organisation changed by another; memory is persistent altered organisation; thought transforms embodied representations; action returns change to the world. Conscious experience remains open, but causal correspondence requires no miracle when knower and known share one connected reality.
18. Evolution’s Physical Foundation: From Recurrence to Replication
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/evolution-physical-causal-foundation-vibrating-space.html
Recurrence preserves form, but life requires replication, heritable variation and differential persistence: motion → recurrent form → self-maintaining chemistry → replication → variation → selection. WSM proposes one connected wave substrate beneath this sequence. Its unresolved bridge is quantitative: derive atoms, bonds, dissipative chemistry and first replicators from the same action without inserting biology as a new substance.
19. Evolution, Mind, Human and AI: Representation and Causal Freedom
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/evolution-philosophy-mind-human-ai.html
Evolution favours organisations that preserve and transform information about real causes. Sensation changes an organism; memory retains traces; imagination recombines possible futures; valuation ranks them; action returns one selection to the world. This is limited causal freedom: neither ghost nor randomness, but endogenous selection through a learned, self-modifying organisation. Human brains and AI are different architectures by which reality represents its own relations and lets experiment select the representation that survives.
20. Evolutionary Utopia: The Ecology of Truth
https://www.spaceandmotion.com/2026/evolutionary-utopia.html
Physics alone does not choose values. Once life, mind, freedom, truth and continued evolution are valued, reality constrains the means: truth → wisdom → ecological fit → health → freer minds → continued evolution. Evolutionary Utopia is not a perfect endpoint but a self-correcting direction. Unity does not erase individuality: an e-sphere, organism or person is distinct through organised relation to the whole.
The Physical Interaction in One View
Out-wave from A → relative phase at B → directional \(E_d\) → \(c'\) and \(\lambda'\) → near-side flattening and far-side elongation → \(V_1\) centre displacement plus \(V_2,V_4\) and higher egg deformation → new out-waves → recursive interaction.
The e-sphere does not deform and then move as separate events: its changing internal \(E_d\), contour and reclosure are its motion.
Electric Interaction
Same relative carrier phase → reinforcement → phase advance → forward curve → proposed repulsion.
Opposite relative carrier phase → cancellation → phase delay → rear curve → proposed attraction.
For the stated deformation, \[ r_{\rm near}=R-\delta X, \qquad r_{\rm far}=R+\delta X, \] so \(\delta\mathbf X\) points away. The scientific debt is to derive the sign, magnitude and distance law from the frozen action rather than insert them.
Gravity and General Relativity
In neutral matter, forward and rear charge curves nearly cancel; WSM proposes that their nonlinear common reduction of \(E_d\) leaves a slight slower rear curve and universal attraction. General relativity is the successful effective geometry this wave mechanism must recover: matter-energy changes real wave propagation, while rods and clocks made from those waves measure the resulting curved spacetime relations.
Special Relativity and Michelson–Morley
WSM proposes fixed carrier recurrence \(f_0\) with \(c'=\lambda'f_0\): matter, clocks, rods and signal wavelengths co-transform with their common directional wave environment, yielding measured invariant \(c\), Lorentz relations and the Michelson–Morley null. The complete moving solution must derive these cancellations quantitatively.
Recursive AMM Mechanism
\[ \delta\mathbf X \rightarrow\delta\phi_{\rm out} \rightarrow\delta E_{d,{\rm sea}} \rightarrow\delta c' \rightarrow\delta\phi_{\rm in} \rightarrow\delta\mathbf X_{\rm next}. \]
A perturbed centre changes the egg and its out-waves; these alter the wave sea and the in-waves rebuilding the next cycle. The action must solve this feedback blindly and recover the observed anomalous magnetic moment rather than fit it.
Current Status — August 2026
Exact wave constructions, geometric identities, phase-moment relations and negative controls have been established under declared premises. A leading geometric \(\alpha\) ansatz has a fixed 0.203% discrepancy. The complete nonlinear action must still calculate two-e-sphere charge and Coulomb scaling; force, inertia and \(F=ma\); the moving egg, de Broglie modulation and Lorentz covariance; Michelson–Morley and the gravitational/GR limit; Born probability and Bell correlations; \(g=2\), \(\alpha\) and AMM; hadron structure; and the joint cosmological kernel.
Write the action. Let Space calculate itself.
Space - Aether - Ether








Physics - On Absolute Space (Aether, Ether, Akasa) and its Properties as an Infinite, Eternal, Continuous Wave Medium
Absolute Space in its own nature, without relation to anything external remains always similar and immovable. (Isaac Newton, 1687)
I cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its vibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary matter. (Hendrik Lorentz, 1906)
According to the general theory of relativity
space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there
not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence
for standards of space and time. But this ether may not be thought of as
endowed with the quality characteristic of matter, as consisting of parts
('particles') which may be tracked through time.
(Albert Einstein, 1928, Leiden Lecture)
The inseparability of time and space emerged in connection with electrodynamics, or the law of propagation of light. With the discovery of the relativity of simultaneity, space and time were merged in a single continuum in a way similar to that in which the three dimensions of space had previously merged into a single continuum. Physical space was thus extended to a four dimensional space which also included the dimension of time. The four dimensional space of the special theory of relativity is just as rigid and absolute as Newton's space. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
Having recognised that the individual points in Newton's absolute space have no physical reality, we must now inquire what remains of this concept at all. (Max Born)
Introduction
Contrary to current views, the greatest scientists (physicists, philosophers) of history believed that Space must exist to necessarily connect matter and its interconnected motions. Below are a few of many famous quotes from famous scientists on the existence of Space (as required by the Metaphysics of Space and the Wave Structure of Matter).
(Newton,
1687) Absolute Space in its own nature, without relation to anything external
remains always similar and immovable.
(Kant,
1781) Natural science (physics) contains in itself synthetical judgments
a priori, as principles. … Space then is a necessary representation
a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external intuitions.
(Faraday, 1830) I cannot conceive curved lines of force without the conditions
of a physical existence in that intermediate space.
(James Clerk Maxwell, 1876)
In speaking of the Energy of the field, however, I wish to be understood
literally. All energy is the same as mechanical energy, whether it exists
in the form of motion or in that of elasticity, or in any other form. The
energy in electromagnetic phenomena is mechanical energy.
(Lorentz,
1906) I cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic
field with its energy and its vibrations, as endowed with a certain degree
of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary matter.
(Brentano,
1838-1916)
A three-dimensional (spatial) world is infinitely more likely than any of
its alternatives.
(Albert
Einstein, 1928, Leiden)
According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable;
for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also
no possibility of existence for standards of space and time. But this ether
may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of matter,
as consisting of parts (‘particles’) which may be tracked through
time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it.
(Lama
Govinda, 1969)
According to ancient Indian tradition the Universe reveals itself in two
fundamental properties: as Motion and as that in which motion takes place,
namely Space. This Space is called akasa and is that through which things
step into visible appearance, i.e., through which they possess extension
or corporeality. Akasa is derived from the root kas, ‘to radiate,
to shine’, and has therefore the meaning of ‘ether’ which
is conceived as the medium of movement.
The principle of movement, however, is Prana the breath of life, the all-powerful,
all-pervading rhythm of the universe. The fundamental element of the cosmos
is Space. Space is the all-embracing principle of higher unity. Nothing
can exist without Space.
(Sudhakar S.D 1988) The Universe is Brahman, the One that
underlies and make possible all the multiplicity. It is the source of the
entire cosmos and all cosmic activities relating to the emergence, existence
and dissolution of the terrestrial phenomena that form the cosmic rhythm.
‘The One manifests as the many, the formless putting on forms.’
(Rig Veda)
The Maitri Upanishad mentions two aspects of Brahman, the higher and the
lower. The higher Brahman being the unmanifest Supreme Reality which is
soundless and totally quiescent and restful, the lower being the Shabda-Brahman
which manifests itself into the ever changing restless cosmos through the
medium of sound vibrations.
The Upanishad says that, 'Two Brahmans there are to be known: One as sound
and the other as Brahman Supreme.'
The process of manifestation is from soundless to sound, from noumenality
to phenomenality, from perfect quiescence of being to the restlessness of
becoming'. Manifestation of the ultimate reality takes place through the
vibrations of Shabda-Brahman, for vibration is the expression of energy
and the action and interaction of vibrations produce all the phenomena on
many different planes.
The Metaphysics of Space and Motion and the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) is Simple (founded on ONE thing Space) and Necessarily Connected, this being the necessary foundation for all reason and certainty in the Sciences (i.e. not my opinion). The Wave Motion of Space (and thus the motion of matter) are logical because the Properties of Space as a Wave Medium are logical / necessary - this is why logic exists in the universe, and why Mathematics exists within Physics.
What is Space?
A good question. We do not directly experience it, as wave
structures of space we only experience wave interactions in space, not space
itself. i.e. We experience the spatial dimension of space (that we are immersed
in space) and interacting with other matter waves in space, but we do not
experience its properties as a nearly rigid continuously connected wave
medium (we must use reason to work this out, as the WSM does - this relates
to metaphysics).
So space may have more properties to explain our human emotions / complexities
of the mind (taste, color, love, pain, moral senses).
On God and Space (Pantheism)
To those of you who are spiritual
/ religious. Well space is just another word for what we experience
existing in, you can call space what you want - God, Brahman, Tao, Aether,
Zero Point Energy, Vaccuum flucuation, ...
As to the complete properties of space / god - I don't know. But it is definately
a wave medium, matter is formed from waves in space. The mind and our emotions
- that is very complex - and no one can yet explain this. This is the future
of physics / the sciences.
However, it is now clear that the wave structure of matter explains matter perfectly if we assume Space is a wave medium, that matter is made of waves in space (trying to describe an interconnected reality with discrete and separate particles was the central error of science).
Below are some quotes and a brief summary of the properties of Space - an Infinite, Eternal, Continuous Wave Medium.
On the left side of this page you will find links to the main articles which explain and solve many of the problems of postmodern Metaphysics, Physics and Philosophy from the new foundation of the Metaphysics of Space and the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM).
Sincerely,
Geoff Haselhurst
Space (Aether / Ether)








Space is Infinite and Eternal
The following two quotes describe an Infinite and Eternal Space very well. And to all scientists it must be both disturbing and sad to realise that it was only 400 years ago that Bruno was burnt to death for writing such things!
'In his major work, paradoxically entitled On Learned Ignorance,
Nicholas returned to the central idea of Anaxagoras - an infinite, unlimited
universe. In contrast to Ptolemy's finite cosmos circumscribed by concentric
spheres with earth at their center, Nicholas argued that the universe has
no limits in space, no beginning or ending in time.
Nicholas's infinite universe is populated by an unlimited number of stars
and planets, and, of course, has no center, no single immobile place of
rest. The earth, he reasoned, must therefore move, like everything else
in the universe. It appears at rest only because we're on it, moving with
it. He cast aside the geocentric cosmos entirely.' (Nicholas of Cusa, a
German-born bishop, born 1401)
'Bruno traveled to England and befriended its leading political and scientific
figures; and when he returned, he popularised Copernican theory on the continent.
Bruno took Digges's version of the infinite, Copernican universe and purged
it of remaining Ptolemaic elements, such as the perfect spheres that carried
the planets' orbits. He made this infinite universe, with its infinite inhabited
worlds, the basis of his philosophy, integrating Nicholas of Cusa's thinking,
even going beyond it. Bruno explicitly challenged the idea of creation ex
nihilo, arguing that the universe must be unlimited in both space and time,
without beginning or end.' (Lerner, 1991)
Space is Infinite
As only One thing, Space, exists, there can be no boundary to Space (as
a boundary is between two things) thus Space is unbounded and therefore
Infinite.
As Blake famously wrote;
'If the doors of perception were cleansed, everything would be seen as it is, infinite.' (1800)
Both Parmenides and Spinoza perfectly state the logic of One Infinite Substance;
'No two or more substances can have the same attribute and it appertains to the nature of substance that it should exist. It must therefore exist finitely or infinitely. But not finitely. For it would then be limited by some other substance of the same nature which also of necessity must exist: and then two substances would be granted having the same attribute, which is absurd. It will exist, therefore, infinitely.' (Spinoza, 1673)
'Existent’ is indivisible, for where is the second
power, which should divide it?
But there cannot exist several 'Existents,' for in order to separate them,
something would have to exist which was not existing, an assumption which
neutralizes itself. Thus there exists only the eternal Unity.' (Parmenides,
450BC)
Space is Continuous
There can be no ‘Particles’ because ‘Particles’
require two things - the ‘Particle’ and the Space around the
‘Particle’, thus One Infinite Space must be a continuous medium.
Or as Aristotle says;
'This shows us two things: you cannot have parts of the
infinite and the infinite is indivisible.'
'But indeed even if the One is more like a Principle, and the one is undivided,
then the whole Universe will be undivided either in quantity or in form.'
(Aristotle, 340BC)
Lerner also importantly argues for the necessary existence of a continuous Space and Time (and continuous Time is simply caused by the continuous Wave-Motion in a continuous Space);
'All of modern analysis, including most of the mathematics
underlying modern technology, relies on the concept of continuity - that
between any two points in space, there is an infinite number of other points.
In the same way, between any two points in time there is an infinite number
of other moments. Without these assumptions it's virtually impossible to
use modern mathematics in a logically consistent way.
Indeed, the idea that space and time are infinitely divisible is vital to
explaining the very existence of the irreversible time of the real world.
Without such true infinities the world would be a vast digital computer,
each instant predetermined by its initial state, without a past, present
or future. So to argue that there is no true infinity, ... is tantamount
to a rejection of modern mathematics, the technology based on the use of
the mathematics, and the new discoveries in thermodynamics.
And once we accept the continuity of space and time it's hard to object
on philosophical grounds to an infinite extent of space and time.
Thus while the idea of an infinite chain of cause and effect may appear
mind-boggling, such an infinite chain exists even in the present, with each
passing second- each an infinity of moments. To accept an infinite past
is no more or less difficult philosophically than to accept the continuity
of time - the infinity of moments in a single second.
While these conclusions are not commonsensical, they are logically consistent.
… if an infinite universe is rejected philosophically, the infinity
of space in a single inch or the infinity of instants in a single second
must be rejected as well, along with all the science based on the hypothesis
of continuity.' (Lerner, 1991)
Space is Eternal
There are two separate arguments for an Eternal Space which support one
another;
i) As only one thing, Space, exists, there can be no creation of Space as
creation requires two things (Space, and that which is not Space but created
Space) thus Space is Eternal. As Spinoza writes;
'A substance cannot be produced from anything else: it will therefore be its own cause, that is, its essence necessarily involves existence, or existence appertains to the nature of it.' (Spinoza, 1673)
ii) As we explained earlier, Time is a consequence of the Wave Motions
of Space, and that it takes ‘Time’ for Wave Motions to flow
from place to place in Space. Time does not exist as a thing in itself,
it is, like the ‘Particle’, an effect of the Wave Motion of
Space, not a cause! Thus Time only applies to Matter, as the Spherical Wave
Motion of Space and not to Space itself. Therefore Space was not created
for this requires the concept of time (that the Space that now exists was
created at some time in the past) thus Space is Eternal. (Space simply exists.)
As Aristotle correctly writes;
It need hardly be pointed out that with things that do not change there is no illusion with respect to time, given the assumption of their unchangeability. (Aristotle, 340BC)
Motion is Eternal
Aristotle also realised that Motion cannot come from no Motion, thus Motion must always exist. He also realised the close connection between Time and Motion!
'Motion must always have been in existence, and the same can be said for time itself, since it is not even possible for there to be an earlier and a later if time does not exist. Movement, then, is also continuous in the way in which time is - indeed time is either identical to movement or is some affection of it.' (Aristotle, 340BC)
See Cosmology for complete Article.
Help Humanity
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."
(Mohandas Gandhi)
"When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence:
Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter. ... Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept 'empty space' loses its meaning. ... The particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which
the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. ...
The free, unhampered exchange of ideas and scientific conclusions is necessary for the sound development of science, as it is in all spheres
of cultural life. ... We must not conceal from ourselves that no improvement in the present depressing situation is possible without
a severe struggle; for the handful of those who are really determined to do something is minute in comparison with the mass of the lukewarm
and the misguided. ...
Humanity is going to need a substantially new way of thinking if it is to survive!" (Albert Einstein)
We can now deduce the most simple science theory of reality - the wave structure of matter in space. By understanding how we and everything around us are interconnected
in Space we can then deduce solutions to the fundamental problems of human knowledge in physics, philosophy, metaphysics, theology, education, health, evolution and ecology, politics and society.
This is the profound new way of thinking that Einstein
realised, that we exist as spatially extended structures of the universe - the discrete and separate body an illusion. This simply confirms the
intuitions of the ancient philosophers and mystics.
Given the current censorship in physics / philosophy of science journals (based on the standard model of particle physics / big bang cosmology) the internet is the best hope for getting new knowledge
known to the world. But that depends on you, the people who care about science and society, realise the importance of truth and reality.
It is Easy to Help!
Just click on the Social Network links at top of page, or copy a nice image or quote you like and share it. We have a wonderful collection of knowledge from the greatest minds in human history, so people will appreciate your contributions. In doing this you will help a new generation of scientists see that there is a simple sensible explanation of physical reality (One Substance, One Law) - the source of truth and wisdom, the only cure for the madness of man! Thanks! Geoff Haselhurst (Updated May, 2025)
A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Max Planck, 1920)
"All that is necessary for evil to succeed is for good people to do nothing."
(Edmund Burke)
"In a time of universal deceit - telling the truth is a revolutionary act."
(George Orwell)
"Hell is Truth Seen Too Late."
(Thomas Hobbes)
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