Eastern
Ancient
Heraclitus
Socrates
Plato Greek
Aristotle
Aurelius
Spinoza
Leibniz
Berkeley
Hume
Kant
Nietzsche
Political
Educational
Philosophy
Mind
Postmodernism
Simple
Metaphysics
Maths
Einstein
Quantum
Cosmology
Philosophy
Theology
Evolution
Health
Education
Politics
Copyright - Copyleft - GNU Free License
Summary / Information on Copyright, Public
Domain, Copyleft GNU Free Documentation License
By Philosopher of Science, Metaphysics Geoff
Haselhurst - Bibliography
- Email
Introduction
The information and knowledge in this website is Copyright 1997-2018 by Geoff Haselhurst. However, as a philosopher I strongly support the free distribution and access of knowledge on the Internet and around the world. To do this the Copyleft / GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) was developed (by some very smart and nice people as I see things) to ensure that knowledge could be copied and freely distributed (see articles below). Thus I have chosen to place the knowledge in this website under the Copyleft GNU Free Documentation License Agreement. This means that you can copy and distribute content from this website under the same License. Any creative changes to this work cannot be copyrighted (as happens for public domain knowledge) but must also be released under the same Copyleft / GNU Free Documentation License.
Please ensure that any content (including images) used from this website contains the following notice and an active link back to the original page on this website. Thanks, Geoff Haselhurst
Copyright
© 1997-2018 Geoff Haselhurst
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation. Original Source:
(Add Link to original page here.)
Use of Images on this Website
We have over a thousand
images on various pages - mainly Philosophy, Physics, Metaphysics and Fine
Art (Renaissance, Impressionist, Erotic Art / Vintage Erotica). Because
of this we notice that many of our images are appearing on other people's
websites. We are more than happy for people to use these images (and many
quotes) on their own web pages (we think it's great actually!). However,
for copyright reasons we ask that you do not copy images and upload them
to your server. Instead you can just right click on images, select properties,
copy their https URL address and link directly to that (so they are downloaded
from our server onto your page).
For example, this Heraclitus image can by used by right clicking on image,
selecting properties, and copying https URL address and adding it into your
html code as;
<img src="https://www.spaceandmotion.com/Images/philosophy-shop/philosophy-shop-heraclitus.jpg">
Many of our images can be found on the following two pages;
Pictures
of Famous Philosophers - Ancient Greek Philosophers (Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle, Cicero, Aurelius, etc. ) Eastern Philosophy (Buddha, Confucius,
Lao Tzu, etc. ) Western Philosophy (Thomas Hobbes, ... Albert Einstein,
...etc. )
Philosophy:
Art / Truth - The Philosophy of Art and the Art of Philosophy. The greatest
Art is founded on profound Truths. Art Pictures and Quotations from Botticelli,
Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, Caravaggio, Reubens, Velazquez, Rembrandt,
Goya, Renoir, Van Gogh, Mattise, Picasso, Warhol. On the rise and
fall of great Art - On the new Metaphysical foundations of Art as representation
of Absolute Truth and Reality.
We also have a philosophy shop (see below) that has many of our favourite Philosophy Images printed on various products and you are also most welcome to use those images using the above procedure. Thanks and Enjoy.
Geoff
Haselhurst
On
Truth and Reality - Philosophy Physics Metaphysics - The Wave Structure
of Matter
GNU Free Documentation License
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional
and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure
everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or non commercially. Secondarily, this
License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their
work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
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A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
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3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
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or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct
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You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided
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of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections
of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License
in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying
of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from
the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's
users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included
in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate
which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections
in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may
include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the
original English version of this License and the original versions of those
notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation
and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the
original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy,
modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns. See https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:
Copyright © 1997-2018 Geoff Haselhurst
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections,
no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License
Copyleft
In copyleft, a copyright holder grants an irrevocable license to the recipient of a copy, generally permitting the free unlimited use, modification and redistribution of copies, often including sale of media or auxiliary materials which may carry a different copyright license (e.g. documentation). The distinctive condition to that license is that any modifications to the work, if redistributed, must carry the same permissions (i.e. license terms) and be made available in a form which facilitates modification. For software, this means in source code.
Copyleft applies copyright law to force derivative works to also be released with a copyleft license. So long as all of those wanting to modify the work accept the terms, the net effect is to facilitate successive improvement by a wide range of contributors. Those who are unwilling or unable to accept the terms are prohibited from creating derivative works.
No restrictions apply to works in the public domain. They may be freely modified, and the creator of the derivative work may license any new portions of the derivative work, but not the public domain portion, under any terms, or none. The resulting derivative work may not be available to the creators of the original or may compete with them.
The concept of copyleft arose when Richard Stallman was working on a Lisp interpreter. Symbolics asked to use the Lisp interpreter, and Stallman agreed to supply them with a public domain version of his work. Symbolics extended and improved the Lisp interpreter, but when Stallman wanted access to the improvements that Symbolics had made to his interpreter, Symbolics refused. Stallman then, in 1984, proceeded to create a software license that would prevent this behavior which he named software hoarding. The term "copyleft" according to some source came from a message contained in Tiny BASIC, a free distributed version of Basic written by Dr. Wang in the late 1970s. The program listing contained the phrases "All Wrongs reserved" and "CopyLeft." Richard Stallman himself says the word comes from Don Hopkins, who he calls a very imaginative fellow, who mailed him a letter in 1984 or 1985 on which was written: "Copyleft--all rights reversed." [1] (https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html)
There are definitional problems with the term "copyleft" which contribute to controversy over it. The term originated as an amusing backformation from the term 'copyright', and was originally a noun, meaning the copyright license terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) originated by Richard Stallman as part of the Free Software Foundation's work. Thus, 'your program is covered by the copyleft'. When used as a verb (i.e. 'he copylefted his most recent version'), it is less precise and can refer to any of several similar licenses, or indeed to a notional imaginary license for discussion purposes.
Because of complications caused by use of software library routines, there developed the GNU Library General Public License (subsequently renamed the Lesser GPL), which changes the requirement of further distribution in ways which are compatible with actual library routine use.
Copyleft is one of the key features in free software/open source licences, and is the licenses' legal framework to ensure that derivatives of the licensed work stay free/open. If the licensee fails to distribute derivative works under the same license he will face legal consequences - the license is terminated, leaving the licensee without permission to copy, distribute, display publicly, or prepare derivative works of the software.
Other free software licenses, such as those used by the BSD operating systems, the X Window System and the Apache web server, are not copyleft licenses because they do not require the licensee to distribute derivative works under the same license. There is an ongoing debate as to which class of license provides a larger degree of freedom. This debate hinges on complex issues such as the definition of freedom and whose freedoms are more important. It is sometimes argued that the copyleft licenses attempt to maximize the freedom of all potential recipients in the future (freedom from the creation of proprietary software), while non-copyleft free software licenses maximize the freedom of the initial recipient (freedom to create proprietary software).
An example of a free software license that uses strong copyleft is the GNU General Public License. Free software licenses that use weak copyleft include the GNU Lesser General Public License and the Mozilla Public License. Examples of non-copyleft free software licenses include the Q Public License, the X11 license, and the BSD licenses.
Copyleft licenses for materials other than software include the Creative Commons ShareAlike licenses and the GNU Free Documentation License. The latter is being used for the content of Wikipedia. The Free Art license is a license that can be applied to any work of art.
Copyleft licenses are sometimes referred to as viral copyright licenses, often by those who feel that they may lose out as a result, because any works derived from a copylefted work must themselves be copylefted. The term "viral" implies propagation like that of a biological virus through an entire organ of similar cells or species of similar bodies. In context of legally binding contracts and licenses, "viral" refers to anything, especially anything memetic, that propagates itself by attaching itself to something else, regardless of whether the viral assertions themselves add value to the individual work. The viral metaphor is over-used but is reasonable to help distinguish between free software and open source in software and documentation projects. Most advocates of copyleft argue that the analogy between copyleft and computer viruses does not apply. As they point out, computer viruses generally infect computers without the awareness of the user, whereas the copyleft actually grants the user certain permissions to distribute modified programs, which is not allowed under copyright law without permission of the copyright holder. Most proprietary software licenses do not allow such distribution. Furthermore, copyright itself is "viral" in this sense, since any works derived from a copyrighted work must have permission from and obey any conditions set by the original copyright holder.
The view that copyleft licenses are viral is supported by Microsoft, who say that if a product uses GPLed code, that product automatically escapes the creator's control and becomes GPLed, leaving the creator no recourse. Obviously, working for a software company will have a like effect. Advocates, including Eben Moglen, Professor of Law at Columbia University and counsel for the Free Software Foundation, note that this is not true since the GPL is a license, not a contract.
Microsoft, and others, in describing the GPL as a "viral license", may also be referring to the idea that any release of something new under the GPL would seem to create a positive feedback network effect, in which over time there will be an ever-expanding amount of copylefted code. Code reuse is often useful in software engineering, as a way to save effort and get on with a project, especially when a perfectly sensible design and implementation has already been done and is available. In contrast, those working on non-copylefted programs will have to "reinvent the wheel" for parts of their programs. This is often cited as a disadvantage of non-copylefted software development.
Many feel that copyleft licenses are desirable and popular for shared works precisely because they are viral, and apply to all derivative works, which are thus "infected" by the requirement to re-integrate changes deemed desirable by any party down the line. This requirement is seen as important because it ensures uniform license terms and free access, and makes copyleft projects resistant to unnecessary forking because all maintainers, of the original work or other versions, may use any modifications released by anyone. Useful changes tend to be merged, and different versions are maintained only to the extent that they are useful. Without the "viral" license, variant terms can apply to the forks, derivative works can be controlled commercially by the parties that extend or translate them, and the project would degrade to an open source one. It is thought that Linux has not suffered the same fragmentation as Unix because it is copylefted.
Copyleft-like ideas are increasingly being suggested for patents, such as open patent pools that allow royalty-free use of patents contributed to the pool under certain conditions (such as surrendering the right to apply for new patents that are not contributed to the pool).
Copyleft is also starting to inspire the arts with movements like the Libre Society and open-source record labels emerging.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
Images - Fair Use
All images used on this website are freely available on the Internet, and
some of them, in their original form, may be copyright. However, as the
images have been saved at a very low data size (about 1 Kbyte) and the originals
were more like 30 Kbyte, it seems that these images would be OK under the
fair use ruling. See comments below from Wikipedia;
"Images and photographs, like written works, are subject to copyright.
Someone owns them unless they have been explicitly placed in the public
domain. Images on the internet need to be licensed directly from the copyright
holder or someone able to license on their behalf. In some cases, fair use
guidelines may allow a photograph to be used.
Amount and substantiality
This relates to how much of the original copyrighted work is used in the
new work; if only a very small amount is used in relation to the original
(perhaps a few sentences for a book review) then chances are that the sample
is a case of fair use. However, if a very substantial amount is used (perhaps
an entire chapter, taken verbatim) then this will often be considered copyright
infringement. See Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios for an example of
substantial copying that was upheld as fair use.
One of the few cases where this factor is irrelevant is in sampling a piece
of a copyrighted sound recording. If no permission is obtained to use a
sample, then no matter how small the sample, an infringement has been committed.
In regards to the digital reproduction of images it may be argued that a
lower resolution sample of the image (i.e. thumbnails) is a lesser sample
of the image (the sound recording sample is not analogous here) and thus
the whole image is only being approximated by the lower resolution sample
(limiting further reproduction outside an informational context) see the
Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation case below.
Fair use on the Internet
A recent court case, Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation, provides and develops
the relationship between thumbnails, inline linking and fair use. In the
lower District Court case on a motion for summary judgment Arriba Soft was
found to have violated copyright without a fair use defence in the use of
thumbnail pictures and inline linking from Kelly's website in Arriba's image
search engine. That decision was appealed and contested by Internet rights
activists such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, who argued that it
is clearly covered under fair use. On appeal, the 9th District Court of
Appeals found that the thumbnails were fair use and remanded the case to
the lower court for trial after issuing a revised opinion on July 7, 2003.
"
Related Links: Copyright - Copyleft / GNU Free License - Public Domain
https://fairuse.stanford.edu/index.html - Excellent resource / great articles!
https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html - Summary of Copyleft GNU Free License.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License
Help Humanity
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."
(Mohandas Gandhi)
"When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence:
Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter. ... Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept 'empty space' loses its meaning. ... The particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which
the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. ...
The free, unhampered exchange of ideas and scientific conclusions is necessary for the sound development of science, as it is in all spheres
of cultural life. ... We must not conceal from ourselves that no improvement in the present depressing situation is possible without
a severe struggle; for the handful of those who are really determined to do something is minute in comparison with the mass of the lukewarm
and the misguided. ...
Humanity is going to need a substantially new way of thinking if it is to survive!" (Albert Einstein)
Our world is in great trouble due to human behaviour founded on myths and customs that are causing the destruction of Nature and climate change. We can now deduce the most simple science theory of reality - the wave structure of matter in space. By understanding how we and everything around us are interconnected
in Space we can then deduce solutions to the fundamental problems of human knowledge in physics, philosophy, metaphysics, theology, education, health, evolution and ecology, politics and society.
This is the profound new way of thinking that Einstein
realised, that we exist as spatially extended structures of the universe - the discrete and separate body an illusion. This simply confirms the
intuitions of the ancient philosophers and mystics.
Given the current censorship in physics / philosophy of science journals (based on the standard model of particle physics / big bang cosmology) the internet is the best hope for getting new knowledge
known to the world. But that depends on you, the people who care about science and society, realise the importance of truth and reality.
It is Easy to Help!
Just click on the Social Network links below, or copy a nice image or quote you like and share it. We have a wonderful collection of knowledge from the greatest minds in human history, so people will appreciate your contributions. In doing this you will help a new generation of scientists see that there is a simple sensible explanation of physical reality - the source of truth and wisdom, the only cure for the madness of man! Thanks! Geoff Haselhurst (Updated September, 2018)
A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Max Planck, 1920)
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"All that is necessary for evil to succeed is for good people to do nothing."
(Edmund Burke)
"In a time of universal deceit - telling the truth is a revolutionary act."
(George Orwell)
"Hell is Truth Seen Too Late."
(Thomas Hobbes)
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