Wave Diagrams
The Wave Structure of Matter

Hi Everyone.
I have spent a bit of time over the past month working on these wave diagrams. I think this page is now actually very useful for visualising the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) and how matter exists and moves about in Space. It also provides simple sensible solutions to a lot of the problems of physics caused by the discrete 'particle' conception of matter in space-time.

The comments and diagrams below relate to the most simple form of matter, the electron or positron (antimatter is just the opposite phase standing wave to matter - which is why they annihilate due to destructive interference).
The proton and neutron are more complex wave structures that need further study (I think they are formed from a collection of positrons and electrons which form a neutral positronium - but a proton has one more positron than electron obviously to explain positive charge).

Please also realise that we are representing spherical waves in Space (imagine a soap bubble). These diagrams are 2 dimensional circular cross sections of the spherical wave (a limitation of working on a flat computer screen!).

I hope this page helps you better visualise the wave structure of matter. It takes time for our minds to adjust to new knowledge, so you need to think about it for a while! But it is simple and obvious once known.

Any thoughts / comments help with wave diagrams appreciated.
Geoff Haselhurst - Email (Updated June, 2007)

PS - This page is around 1 MByte so it may be slow to download.

Spherical Standing Wave (Two Dimensional Cross Section)

The wavelength of an electron is about 10^-15 meters, i.e. there are about a million billion waves per meter, about a million million (trillion) wave center 'particles' in a pin head.

The frequency is about 10²¹ Hz (cycles / second) so they are vibrating very very quickly!! Given film shown in a movie theater is around 24 frames / second and appear as continuous motion, you then realise why we see matter as a continuous motion as well.

+ = =
This very rough! diagram shows how the In-Waves and Out-Waves form a Standing Wave around the Wave-Center 'particle'.

The wave velocity is the velocity of light c (300 million meters / sec) which equates to 1 second for your spherical in-waves to come in from the distance of the moon, about 8 minutes from the sun, 4 years from the nearest star, 100,000 years from across our milky Way galaxy, and about 15 billion years from across the observable universe.

Though we always measure this velocity to be the same (Einstein's special relativity) it does actually change - but so does the wavelength and thus the dimension which causes it to be measured the same (Nature is deceptive!)!
The wave velocity depends on wave amplitude (higher = faster) - this explains charge.
The wave velocity also slows slightly with higher space energy density (more matter waves in space, calculated by squaring the wave amplitude). This is the cause of gravity and why light curves past the sun. (See light, charge and gravity diagrams below.)

Spherical Standing Wave (Three Dimensional / Spherical Effect)

These images show some interesting ways to get a spherical effects (though not really relevant to WSM)

Below are some of my rough attempts from about 5 years ago (2002) to create a spherical effect, and show a series of spherical waves moving in to Wave-Center. (Flash movies)

And recently a very nice member of our forum, Bill Back, sent me this image which shows the spherical shape of the waves a bit better.

Formation of Standing Waves - Representing Waves as Transverse

Like water waves, waves on a string - bit misleading compared to real waves in space

Cosmology: Source of Spherical In-Waves, Huygens Principle

This flash movie shows how other matter's spherical Out-Waves form our matter's In-Waves (Huygens' Principle). Four important points!

i) In reality there are about 10⁸⁰ other wave center 'particles' whose spherical out-waves form into our spherical in-waves.

ii) They are obviously not all the same distance away, but distributed throughout the space of our finite spherical observable Universe (Hubble Sphere) within infinite eternal Space.

iii) These other wave-center 'particles' around us are also formed from the matter waves around them, and this process extends to infinity.

iv) The diagram is misleading in showing the waves starting. In reality the waves are continually flowing out from other matter around us. i.e. The system is perpetual, the in and out waves are always being shared between electron wave-centers wherever you are in infinite space.

So this is a very simplistic diagram of what is really going on. Electrons are very large complex wave structures of the universe (this is true for humans too!).

The spherical in-waves are formed from out waves of about 10⁸⁰ other wave center 'particles' that exist in our observable universe within infinite space. Thus each wave center 'particle' is at the center of its observable universe within infinite space.

So matter (including all of us humans!) is really very large - spatially extended structures of the observable universe within infinite space. But we only 'see' the high wave amplitude wave center 'particles' and have been deluded into thinking matter was very small (the whole problem of modern physics - as they could not explain how matter was connected to other matter across the observable universe).

Albert Einstein realised there were no particles, that matter space and time are a unity. He just made the mistake of working with continuous fields in space-time, rather than real waves in Space.

Below is a slightly different method of showing this same Huygens principle and how our spherical in waves are formed from other matter's out waves. Basically a spherical surface approximates a planar surface if the sphere is large (just think of the surface of the earth which seems pretty flat / planar to us).
So you can get the same spherical In-Wave effect by using plane waves coming in from all directions around the wave center 'particle' as the following diagrams show.

These above diagrams show waves from 8 different directions. When you combine them you get the image on left. You can clearly see the spherical effects starting to form - and interestingly you also see opposite phases (positrons and electrons) being formed.
In reality you have waves coming in from the out waves of 10⁸⁰ wave center 'particles'. i.e. Each wave center is at the center of its finite spherical observable universe within infinite space, and is created by the out waves of all other matter in its observable universe. See the Equation of the Cosmos. (Yes this is repeated from above - but it is such an important concept as it unites the finite observable universe with infinite space - which then solves all the main problems of cosmology.)

Below are some stationary images of the electron wave center 'particle'.

Cosmology: Cause of the Redshift with Distance

In WSM Cosmology, the observable universe is just a finite spherical region of infinite eternal space. Thus there is no need for an expanding universe, as other matter around our observable universe prevents it from collapsing. This is the equivalent of Einstein's Cosmological / Antigravity constant, but it is just normal gravity of matter outside our finite spherical observable universe within infinite space.
So why the redshift with distance?
Because as we look at matter further away from us, we find that we share less overlap of a common finite spherical observable universe. And this means that there is less energy exchange, which equates to a redshift with distance.

See The Cosmological Redshift Explained by the Intersection of Hubble Spheres
This article shows that each wave center 'particle' is the center of its finite spherical observable universe (Hubble Sphere). As two wave center 'particles' move apart there is less overlap of common Hubble spheres / observable universes, thus less wave interactions with increasing distance, thus less energy exchange which then explains the redshift with distance.

Non Linear Wave Interactions, Formation of Coherent In-Waves

The above diagram represents a wave in a linear wave medium - thus the waves maintain their original velocity even as they flow through one another.

However, Space must be a non-linear Wave Medium to explain wave interactions. I think this means that when the above two waves flow through one another, they get stuck together as one wave with a combined wave amplitude and a higher velocity (i.e. Property of Space that waves with higher wave amplitude have higher velocity.) This is very important, as it is the source of all wave interactions, the cause of all forces, and explains how our In-Waves can form in a coherent way from other matter's out waves in the universe around us.

The Motion of the Wave-Center 'Particle'

For a moving wave center 'particle' the spherical in-wave forms in one position in space (as waves combine), then disappears (as waves cancel) then the next spherical in-wave forms in a slightly different position, and so on ....
So matter really moves in discrete little steps (like frames of a film) but it appears continuous due to the high 'frame rate' / frequency. This is what quantum theory discovered - but never understood! The gravity image below shows this effect.

Gravity

Another very approximate wave diagram which only shows the In-Waves (does not show Out-Waves) and the ellipsoidal shape is not accurate. But the basic idea of gravity being caused by slower wave velocity in higher energy / wave density space is important.
This explains why Albert Einstein's general relativity is founded on maths describing the curvature of a sphere (Riemann, Gauss).

Gravity: Curvature of Light past the Sun

To be completed

Charge

To be completed

Light

Light is not a discrete 'particle' - which is a theoretical interpretation of the empirical fact that light energy is discrete.
Light is really caused by the resonant coupling of two bound wave-centers of Spherical Standing Waves (Electrons) with oscillating wave functions. Because standing wave patterns only form at discrete frequencies the energy states of electron in atoms are discrete, and can only change by discrete amounts. This is why wave equations were first introduced into quantum theory (de Broglie, Schrodinger) as these were the only natural phenomena that behaved discretely.

This diagram is an approximation (only shows the out-waves). It gives you some idea of the 'secondary' wavelength (the 'electromagnetic' wavelength of light) caused by the interactions of the spherical In and Out-Waves of the two electrons (wave-centers) when they are bound in atoms / molecules and thus have some repeating wave pattern that sets up the resonant coupling.
The diagram should actually show the wave patterns changing - one electron would move to a lower energy wave pattern (emit a 'photon') the other electron would move to a higher energy wave pattern (absorb a 'photon'). This process is limited by the velocity of light which is simply the velocity of the spherical in and out waves flowing through space.

The de Broglie Wave is a High Velocity Phase Wave

The de Broglie wavelength is important as it is one of the fundamentals of Quantum theory that the WSM deduces due to Doppler shifts of two wave centers in relative motion. Interestingly the spherical wave interactions actually create a planar de Broglie wave (you can almost see this effect in above rough diagram).

Very importantly for EPR / non-locality, these beat waves travel at very high velocity for low relative motion v. i.e. phase wave velocity = c² / v.

This is even more important when you realise that in these same wave equations for relative motion you also get the relativistic mass increase of Einstein's special relativity. This is remarkable - to unite central elements of the two main theories of modern physics from one set of wave equations (see work of Milo Wolff).

Formation of Solid Bodies from Waves in Nearly Rigid Space

This is a flash movie i made a couple of years ago. It is pretty amateur but helps explain how waves can form solid bodies.

Space itself is very very rigid (to explain such high velocity waves). It does not 'flow' like water - it is a continuously connected wave medium (there are no parts / particles in its structure). Matter is really just spherically vibrating Space. This is why all matter vibrates and has a resonant frequency.

Some Ideas for Better Wave Diagrams!

It would be nice if a few people with talent for creating wave diagrams could share their ideas and skills to create a variety of wave diagrams.

1. The electron - spherical and cross section, showing in and out waves forming a spherical standing wave.

2. Charge - Waves are non-linear and travel faster with higher wave amplitude. Thus you can show that for two electrons that are in phase, then their in and out waves between them have a higher wave amplitude, travel faster, and thus cause wave centers to reposition further apart over time (like charges repel). For an electron and a positron the opposite is true, the positron (antimatter) is just an opposite phase standing wave to the electron, so the waves between them cancel, have lower wave amplitude, and travel more slowly causing wave centers to form closer together.

3. Light - need to take into account high velocity de Broglie phase wave that determines allowed wave function / pattern of electron in atom / molecule - while also showing how two electrons in different atoms / molecules can resonantly couple and change their respective wave patterns (emit and absorb discrete amount of energy / photon of light).

4. Gravity - slowing of in-waves causing them to change ellipsoidal shape (Einstein's curvature of 4D space-time) and which also changes location of wave center over time (with each successive in-wave the wave center repositions itself in the direction of slowest incoming spherical waves - and waves travel slower where there is more matter / higher wave energy density of space).
We are currently working on this at the moment (will add stuff here once complete) - looking at how light curves as it passes the sun to calculate how the mass of the sun compared to the average mass of the universe slows the wave velocity.

5. EPR / Non Locality - de Broglie phase wave where velocity is c^2 / relative velocity, so very fast at low relative velocities, to explain faster than light (non local) interactions.

6. Cosmology - Huygens' principle and the formation of in-waves from the out waves of all other matter in a finite spherical region of space (our observable universe) within infinite space.

Anything else that you think would be useful??!!

Cheers,
Geoff Haselhurst
Email

Physics Websites on Waves / Wave Diagrams

I went through my physics favourites and picked out a few websites that have wave diagrams, stuff on wave mechanics. I am sure there is lots more out there - so if you find any good information / diagrams please email us.
Geoff

http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Physics-LaFreniere-Wave-Diagrams.htm - Gabriel LaFreniere has also deduced that matter is a wave structure of space. He has done this using wave diagrams, the work is very impressive!
http://www.glafreniere.com/matter.htm

http://www.ryanhagan.net/mike/StandingWave3D/StandingWave3D.htm - Created by Mike Weber. Please realise that these diagrams are transverse waves (like waves on water) used to represent real 3D Spherical Waves. Mike is in our small WSM discussion group and we have high hopes that over time he will do some incredible work to help us visualise matter's wave structure and interactions.

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/index.html - Lots of physics Java applets (animated diagrams) including wave diagrams.

http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/waves/wavhom.htm#index - Very good physics site on various wave phenomena with maths physics explanations / calculations.

http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath242/kmath242.htm - Very good article on Huygens' Principle. This is important to the Wave Structure of Matter as it explains how the spherical Out-Waves of all other matter in our finite spherical universe form into the In-Waves of our matter (which explains both source of In-Waves and Mach's Principle (mass of body is determined by all other matter in universe).

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/debroglie.html - A bit daggy, but provides simple explanation of particle wave duality. If they just realised that particle effects are due to discrete standing wave interactions it would be so sensible and obvious instead of strange and paradoxical. Worth clicking through their pages though.

http://g2pc1.bu.edu/~roberts/py231/exam94_sol.pdf - Music and waves

http://www.falstad.com/ripple/ - Very impressive site with good variety of Java Applets of Wave Diagrams.
http://www.falstad.com/mathphysics.html

http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/pasp/Spherical_Waves_Point_Source.html

http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html

http://oolong.co.uk/resonata.htm - I just found Fergus Ray-Murray's website (June 2007). Some wonderful animations and very good knowledge of waves / resonance.

http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/stage6/phys/physapplets.html - Very good collection of Physics Java applets.