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Metaphysics: Immanuel Kant
Summary of Immanuel Kant's Metaphysics. From Kantian
Idealism to Realism of Space & the Wave Structure of Matter. Metaphysics
of Space and Motion (not Time) as Synthetic a priori Foundations.
If
we take away the subject (Humans), or even only the subjective constitution
of our senses in general, then not only the nature and relations of objects
in space and time, but even space and time themselves disappear; and that
these, as appearances, cannot exist in themselves, but only in us. What
may be the nature of objects considered as things in themselves
and without reference to the receptivity of our sensibility is quite unknown
to us. Not only are the raindrops mere appearances, but even their circular
form, nay, the space itself through which they fall, is nothing in itself,
but both are mere modifications or fundamental dispositions of our sensible
intuition, whilst the transcendental object remains for us utterly unknown.
(Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason,
1781)
"Metaphysics is a dark ocean without
shores or lighthouse, strewn with many a philosophic wreck."
(Immanuel Kant)
Introduction to Immanuel Kant's Metaphysics
Immanuel Kant is the most famous metaphysicist of western philosophy, and there is no doubt that his 'Critique of Pure Reason' is the most comprehensive analysis of Metaphysics since Aristotle's pioneering work which founded this subject.
Unfortunately for humanity, Kant made one small and yet fundamental mistake. And this error led to the belief that we could never know reality (the thing in itself), only our ideas of reality which were necessarily incomplete.
Firstly, Kant is correct that Space is a priori, or first necessary for us to have senses (which are a posteriori).
Natural science (physics) contains in itself synthetical judgments a priori, as principles. ... Space then is a necessary representation a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external intuitions. (Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 1781)
His error is to assume that Time is also a priori or necessary for us to sense the motion of matter 'particles' in Space. He writes;
There are two pure forms of sensible intuition, as principles of knowledge a priori, namely space and time. (Kant, 1781)
And from this he concludes that because Space and Time cannot be united, they must both be merely ideas. His error can be found in the following quote where he writes;
... even that of motion, which unites in itself both elements (Space and Time), presuppose something empirical. Motion, for example, presupposes the perception of something movable. But space considered in itself contains nothing movable; consequently motion must be something which is found in space only through experience -in other words, is an empirical datum. (Kant, 1781)
Please read this quote several times, for it contains an error that has had profound repercussions for humanity. The error? That 'space considered in itself contains nothing movable'. And this error then leads Kant to conclude that;
..in respect to the form of appearances, much may be said a priori, whilst of the thing in itself, which may lie at the foundation of these appearances, it is impossible to say anything. (Kant, 1781)
Metaphysics of Space and Motion (not Time) as Synthetic a priori
The solution to Kant's error is to realise that the exact opposite is
true, that Space considered in itself contains wave motions, i.e.
Space physically exists as a substance with the properties of a wave medium
and contains wave motions.
Kant's error is obvious in
hindsight, because he followed Newton,
and thus was conditioned into thinking that motion applied to matter 'particles'
in space and time. Thus 'empty space' had no 'particles' thus motion could
not exist.
The solution is found by replacing the particle conception of matter in space and time with the wave structure of matter in space.
Thus the two pure forms of sensible intuition, as principles of knowledge a priori, are namely Space and (wave) Motion - that we must place in this a priori concept of Space the correct meaning - that Space is a wave-medium and contains within it a second thing, wave motions of space that form matter (i.e. synthetic a priori knowledge).
Thus we move from the Metaphysics of Space and Time to the Metaphysics of Space and (wave) Motion and finally unite these two things that give rise to all other things, as the wave structure of matter in Space explains.
It is also important to understand Aristotle's conception of metaphysics - he was very close to the truth as the following quotes demonstrate (I think Aristotle was the most brilliant of all philosophers).
The first philosophy (Metaphysics) is universal and is exclusively
concerned with primary substance. ... And here we will have the science
to study that which is just as that which is, both in its essence and
in the properties which, just as a thing that is, it has.
...
About its coming into being and its doings and about all its alterations
we think that we have knowledge when we know the source of its movement. ...
The entire preoccupation of the physicist is with things
that contain within themselves a principle of movement and
rest. And to seek for this is to seek for the second kind of principle,
that from which comes the beginning of the change. ...
There must then be a principle of such a kind that its substance
is activity. (Aristotle, 340BC)
Aristotle is correct, the substance is space, and it has properties of a wave medium for spherical standing wave motions that form matter.
Once we solve Kant's misunderstanding of Time being a priori rather than Motion, (that the Spherical Wave Motion of Space causes not only Time, but also Matter and Forces / Fields) then we can describe Reality correctly from this new (and most simple) Metaphysical foundation.
Fig.
1 - The correct foundation is to describe matter in terms of one thing
- the Wave Motion of Space. Thus motion applies to space,
not matter, i.e. the (wave) motion of Space causes matter, time and forces
/ fields (interconnection).
Note: We have a page of wave
diagrams that will help you visualise the spherical standing wave structure
of matter (WSM) in space. Basically, we only see the high wave amplitude
wave-center and have been deluded into thinking matter was made of tiny
little 'particles'. A very naive conception in hindsight - and quantum
physics was telling us all along that waves were central to light and
matter interactions!
With this new synthesis of a priori meaning added to the concept of Space, we then find that the previous errors and contradictions (paradoxes) simply disappear.
Now this is a profound solution, for this error of Matter 'particles' moving about in Space and Time has now existed for 2,500 years, and has detrimentally influence such great minds as Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Mach, and Einstein, and has ultimately led to our current Postmodern Skepticism and confusion.
The articles listed on the side of the page explain this in more detail. The wave structure of matter in space is simple sensible and obvious once known.
Geoff Haselhurst
PS - A few nice quotes from Kant. And the main Immanuel Kant philosophy page is good if you wish to understand this argument in more detail (which is profoundly important).
This
can never become popular, and, indeed, has no occasion to be so; for fine-spun
arguments in favour of useful truths make just as little impression on
the public mind as the equally subtle objections brought against these
truths. On the other hand, since both inevitably force themselves on every
man who rises to the height of speculation, it becomes the manifest duty
of the schools to enter upon a thorough investigation of the rights of
speculative reason, and thus to prevent the scandal which metaphysical
controversies are sure, sooner or later, to cause even to the masses. (Immanuel
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 1781)
Time
was, when she (Metaphysics) was the queen of all the sciences; and, if
we take the will for the deed, she certainly deserves, so far as regards
the high importance of her object-matter, this title of honour. Now, it
is the fashion of the time to heap contempt and scorn upon her; and the
matron mourns, forlorn and forsaken, like Hecuba .. her empire gradually
broke up, and intestine wars introduced the reign of anarchy; while the
sceptics, like nomadic tribes, who hate a permanent habitation and settled
mode of living, attacked from time to time those who had organized themselves
into civil communities. But their number was, very happily, small; and
thus they could not entirely put a stop to the exertions of those who persisted
in raising new edifices, although on no settled or uniform plan. (Immanuel
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 1781)
Help Humanity
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."
(Mohandas Gandhi)
"When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence:
Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter. ... Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept 'empty space' loses its meaning. ... The particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which
the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. ...
The free, unhampered exchange of ideas and scientific conclusions is necessary for the sound development of science, as it is in all spheres
of cultural life. ... We must not conceal from ourselves that no improvement in the present depressing situation is possible without
a severe struggle; for the handful of those who are really determined to do something is minute in comparison with the mass of the lukewarm
and the misguided. ...
Humanity is going to need a substantially new way of thinking if it is to survive!" (Albert Einstein)
Our world is in great trouble due to human behaviour founded on myths and customs that are causing the destruction of Nature and climate change. We can now deduce the most simple science theory of reality - the wave structure of matter in space. By understanding how we and everything around us are interconnected
in Space we can then deduce solutions to the fundamental problems of human knowledge in physics, philosophy, metaphysics, theology, education, health, evolution and ecology, politics and society.
This is the profound new way of thinking that Einstein
realised, that we exist as spatially extended structures of the universe - the discrete and separate body an illusion. This simply confirms the
intuitions of the ancient philosophers and mystics.
Given the current censorship in physics / philosophy of science journals (based on the standard model of particle physics / big bang cosmology) the internet is the best hope for getting new knowledge
known to the world. But that depends on you, the people who care about science and society, realise the importance of truth and reality.
It is Easy to Help!
Just click on the Social Network links below, or copy a nice image or quote you like and share it. We have a wonderful collection of knowledge from the greatest minds in human history, so people will appreciate your contributions. In doing this you will help a new generation of scientists see that there is a simple sensible explanation of physical reality - the source of truth and wisdom, the only cure for the madness of man! Thanks! Geoff Haselhurst (Updated September, 2018)
A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Max Planck, 1920)
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